Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-From Expectations to Reality.

Viral infections have always been considered a threat to global health, with numerous outbreaks across time. Despite the relative recent experience with coronavirus-associated diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome-2's (SARS-CoV-2) continuous evolution displays a different behavior. With a tropism for both respiratory and digestive mucosa, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) seem to share a particular common background. Current literature offers evidence that viral alteration of the immune system, inflammatory intestinal tissue damage, increased intestinal permeability, incomplete viral clearance with viral antigen persistence, and intestinal dysbiosis, might explain SARS-CoV-2-IBD relationship in terms of etiopathogenesis and evolution. The hyperinflammatory state that both entities have in common explains the lack of success of current IBD therapy, raising the need for new personalized therapeutic options, with better outcomes for IBD and COVID-19 as well. This review aims to summarize the current available data on pediatric IBD evolution, management, and outcomes in the post-COVID period, with an emphasis on the particular aspects of the SARS-CoV-2-IBD relationship in children.

Lidocaine-Liposomes-A Promising Frontier for Transdermal Pain Management.

(1) Background: We aim to develop novel gel formulations for transdermal drug delivery systems in acute and inflammatory pain therapy. (2) Methods: We induced inflammation by the injection of λ-carrageenan on the hind paw of 80 Wistar male rats. The animals were randomized into eight groups of 10 rats each: C (placebo gel), E (EMLATM), L (lidocaine 2%), L-CD (lidocaine + cyclodextrin 2.5%), L-LP (lidocaine + liposomes 1.7%), L-CS (lidocaine + chitosan 4%), L-CSh (lidocaine + chitosan hydrochloride), and L-CS-LP (lidocaine + chitosan + liposomes). The behavior response was determined with a hot plate, cold plate, and algesimeter, each being performed at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after pain induction. At the end of the experiment, tissue samples were collected for histological assessment. (3) Results: L-LP had the greatest anesthetic effects, which was proven on the cold plate test compared to placebo and EMLATM (all p ≤ 0.001). L-CS-LP had a significant effect on cold plate evaluation compared to placebo (p ≤ 0.001) and on hot plate evaluation compared to EMLATM (p = 0.018). (4) Conclusions: L-LP is a new substance with a substantial analgesic effect demonstrated by the cold plate in the first 120 min. Further studies with more animals are needed to determine the maximum doses that can be applied for a better analgesia with minimum side effects.

The Role of Natural Extracts in the Management of Infantile Hemangiomas and Vascular Tumors.

Hemangiomas are vascular tumors resulting from the proliferation of endothelial-like cells; they are the most common childhood tumors, affecting approximately 5-10% of newborns and infants. Besides hemangiomas, which are definitely benign tumors despite their overgrowth potential, there are other vascular tumors like hemangioendotheliomas, which may display intermediate characteristics between benign hemangiomas and highly malignant angiosarcomas. Standard therapy may be constricted by serious adverse effects, high cost, or traumatic influence. Diet is a major resource for health preservation, disease prevention, and treatment. The therapeutic property of edible berries, marine products, or medicinal plants have long been known and used in traditional medicine; a plant-based nutrition can prevent the development and progression of diseases associated with extensive neo-vascularization. The purpose of our review is to highlight those natural treatments that hemangioma and vascular tumor patients can receive in the future, both for their benefit and that of their families. We performed the review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metanalysis Statement. We used the Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE engines for the study, and searched for the association of hemangioma with naturopathic treatment/plant extract/plants in published articles. We found that natural extracts from plants and fruits are cost-effective and safe treatments for hemangiomas and vascular tumors, as well as for other forms of cancer. In any case, more in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm the proposed signaling pathways in tumors and validate the improvement parameters after natural products administration. The era of molecularly targeted therapy and personalized medicine is approaching and naturally occurring substances are very useful tools for tumor treatment and prevention. Plant extract substances have strong specificity and pertinence, are non- toxic and have few side effects, and may become an emerging cancer treatment.

Radiation-induced angiosarcoma of the breast: retrospective analysis at a regional treatment centre.

BACKGROUND: Radiation-induced angiosarcoma (RIA) is an uncommon but morbid complication after radiotherapy for breast cancer. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of breast RIA patients at Cambridge University Hospital (CUH), a regional treatment centre in the East of England. RESULTS: 22 patients were identified between 2010 and 2022. Median age of diagnosis was 65 years (range 41-78). Median time from breast radiotherapy to RIA diagnosis was 6.5 years (range 2.4-16.0)-this interval has decreased over the last 24 years (r2 = 0.6601). 9% had metastasis at presentation. All patients underwent surgery (55% at CUH, 45% at local hospitals). 27% received peri-operative pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in the first-line setting. 62% relapsed following their primary curative-intent treatments after a median of 28 months. Metastases occurred in 36%, the commonest sites being lung (100%) and lymph node (50%). 2-year and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates for all patients were 73% and 60%, respectively. No correlation between progression-free survival (PFS) and OS was found with tumour size, margin, peri-operative chemotherapy, and whether surgery was performed at CUH. Patients with multifocal disease on their breasts had shorter PFS following surgery compared to single-lesion disease (median 10 vs 65 months; HR = 4.359 [95% CI 1.342-14.16]; P = 0.0143). Patients aged > 72 years had a median OS of 45 months vs 102 months for those ≤ 72 years (HR = 7.129 [95% CI 1.646-30.88]; P = 0.0086). CONCLUSION: RIA has high rates of recurrence and mortality and appears to be occurring sooner after breast radiotherapy. Further studies on its pathogenesis and effective treatment are warranted.

Nutritional Approach in Selected Inherited Metabolic Cardiac Disorders-A Concise Summary of Available Scientific Evidence.

Inborn errors of metabolism (IMDs) are a group of inherited diseases that manifest themselves through a myriad of signs and symptoms, including structural or functional cardiovascular damage. The therapy of these diseases is currently based on enzyme-replacement therapy, chaperone therapy or the administration of supplements and the establishment of personalized dietary plans. Starting from the major signs identified by the pediatric cardiologist that can indicate the presence of such a metabolic disease-cardiomyopathies, conduction disorders or valvular dysplasias-we tried to paint the portrait of dietary interventions that can improve the course of patients with mitochondrial diseases or lysosomal abnormalities. The choice of the two categories of inborn errors of metabolism is not accidental and reflects the experience and concern of the authors regarding the management of patients with such diagnoses. A ketogenic diet offers promising results in selected cases, although, to date, studies have failed to bring enough evidence to support generalized recommendations. Other diets have been successfully utilized in patients with IMDs, but their specific effect on the cardiac phenotype and function is not yet fully understood. Significant prospective studies are necessary in order to understand and establish which diet best suits every patient depending on the inherited metabolic disorder. The most suitable imagistic monitoring method for the impact of different diets on the cardiovascular system is still under debate, with no protocols yet available. Echocardiography is readily available in most hospital settings and brings important information regarding the impact of diets on the left ventricular parameters. Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) could better characterize the cardiac tissue and bring forth both functional and structural information.

Sleep apnea syndrome associated with gonadal hormone imbalance (Review).

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea exhibit an increased risk of developing gonadal disorders. Because a notable number of people worldwide have sleep respiratory and reproductive disorders, it is essential to recognize the association between local upper airway dysfunction and its gonadal effects. Repeated breathing pauses cause sleep fragmentation, disorganization of sleep cycles and stages, sympathetic activation, intermittent hypoxemia and systemic inflammation. Nocturnal intermittent hypoxemia has a direct central effect on neurotransmitters, with disturbances in the normal production of hypothalamic-pituitary hormones. Awakenings and micro-awakenings at the end of apneic episodes produce a central stress responsible for hormonal changes and subsequent endocrine imbalances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on gonadal hormonal homeostasis and its consequences. Recognizing and understanding how local upper airway dysfunction causes gonadal imbalance may facilitate better care for patients with OSAS. Although there may be a direct relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and gonadal function mediated by hormones via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, to date, current therapies have not been effective.

Unexpected Dramatic Evolution of Placenta Increta: Case Report and Literature Review.

Placental morbid adherence is a known risk factor for postpartum hemorrhage. The incidence of abnormal placental attachment has been increasing over the past few decades, mainly due to rising rates of cesarean deliveries, advanced maternal age, and the use of assisted reproductive technologies. Cesarean section is a significant risk factor for placenta increta, as it disrupts the normal architecture of the uterine wall, making it more difficult for the placenta to detach after delivery. We present the case of a woman who underwent a cesarean section at 28 weeks due to anterior placenta previa, accompanied by hemorrhage and rupture of membranes. Following the delivery, she experienced normal postoperative bleeding and was discharged home after five days. However, six weeks later, she presented with heavy bleeding, leading to the decision to perform a total hysterectomy. The levels of HCG were found to be low. The pathological examination of the specimens confirmed a diagnosis of placenta increta, as it revealed notable placental proliferation, necrotic villi, and placental invasion near the uterine serosa. Notably, we did not find any similar cases documented in the literature. Patients experiencing prolonged vaginal bleeding after childbirth and diagnosed with placenta accreta should be closely monitored through ultrasound examinations; abnormal proliferation of the placenta can occur, and prompt detection is crucial for appropriate management.

Atherosclerosis from Newborn to Adult-Epidemiology, Pathological Aspects, and Risk Factors.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying pathological process for the majority of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing, multifocal, chronic, immune-inflammatory disease that involves the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. The process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood as fatty streaks-an accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and smooth muscle cells in the arterial wall. Over time, a more complex lesion develops into an atheroma and characteristic fibrous plaques. Atherosclerosis alone is rarely fatal; it is the further changes that render fibrous plaques vulnerable to rupture; plaque rupture represents the most common cause of coronary thrombosis. The prevalence of atherosclerosis is increasing worldwide and more than 50% of people with circulatory disease die of it, mostly in modern societies. Epidemiological studies have revealed several environmental and genetic risk factors that are associated with the early formation of a pathogenic foundation for atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and smoking. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the origin and progression of atherosclerosis in childhood as well as the identification of known risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in children.

One Step Forward-The Current Role of Artificial Intelligence in Glioblastoma Imaging.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly integrating into diagnostic methods across many branches of medicine. Significant progress has been made in tumor assessment using AI algorithms, and research is underway on how image manipulation can provide information with diagnostic, prognostic and treatment impacts. Glioblastoma (GB) remains the most common primary malignant brain tumor, with a median survival of 15 months. This paper presents literature data on GB imaging and the contribution of AI to the characterization and tracking of GB, as well as recurrence. Furthermore, from an imaging point of view, the differential diagnosis of these tumors can be problematic. How can an AI algorithm help with differential diagnosis? The integration of clinical, radiomics and molecular markers via AI holds great potential as a tool for enhancing patient outcomes by distinguishing brain tumors from mimicking lesions, classifying and grading tumors, and evaluating them before and after treatment. Additionally, AI can aid in differentiating between tumor recurrence and post-treatment alterations, which can be challenging with conventional imaging methods. Overall, the integration of AI into GB imaging has the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes by enabling more accurate diagnosis, precise treatment planning and better monitoring of treatment response.

Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Long COVID's Cardiovascular Injuries.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the biggest challenges of cardiovascular medicine. The significance of the RAS in the chronic progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its consequences is one of the topics that are currently being mostly discussed. SARS-CoV-2 undermines the balance between beneficial and harmful RAS pathways. The level of soluble ACE2 and membrane-bound ACE2 are both upregulated by the endocytosis of the SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 complex and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-converting enzyme (ADAM17)-induced cleavage. Through the link between RAS and the processes of proliferation, the processes of fibrous remodelling of the myocardium are initiated from the acute phase of the disease, continuing into the long COVID stage. In the long term, RAS dysfunction may cause an impairment of its beneficial effects leading to thromboembolic processes and a reduction in perfusion of target organs. The main aspects of ACE2-a key pathogenic role in COVID-19 as well as the mechanisms of RAS involvement in COVID cardiovascular injuries are studied. Therapeutic directions that can be currently anticipated in relation to the various pathogenic pathways of progression of cardiovascular damage in patients with longCOVID have also been outlined.

Current Data and New Insights into the Genetic Factors of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Associated with Metabolic Syndrome.

Atherogenic dyslipidemia plays a critical role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), being one of its major components, along with central obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. In recent years, the development of molecular genetics techniques and extended analysis at the genome or exome level has led to important progress in the identification of genetic factors (heritability) involved in lipid metabolism disorders associated with MetS. In this review, we have proposed to present the current knowledge related to the genetic etiology of atherogenic dyslipidemia, but also possible challenges for future studies. Data from the literature provided by candidate gene-based association studies or extended studies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and whole exome sequencing (WES,) have revealed that atherogenic dyslipidemia presents a marked genetic heterogeneity (monogenic or complex, multifactorial). Despite sustained efforts, many of the genetic factors still remain unidentified (missing heritability). In the future, the identification of new genes and the molecular mechanisms by which they intervene in lipid disorders will allow the development of innovative therapies that act on specific targets. In addition, the use of polygenic risk scores (PRS) or specific biomarkers to identify individuals at increased risk of atherogenic dyslipidemia and/or other components of MetS will allow effective preventive measures and personalized therapy.

Histopathological Images Analysis and Predictive Modeling Implemented in Digital Pathology-Current Affairs and Perspectives.

In modern clinical practice, digital pathology has an essential role, being a technological necessity for the activity in the pathological anatomy laboratories. The development of information technology has majorly facilitated the management of digital images and their sharing for clinical use; the methods to analyze digital histopathological images, based on artificial intelligence techniques and specific models, quantify the required information with significantly higher consistency and precision compared to that provided by optical microscopy. In parallel, the unprecedented advances in machine learning facilitate, through the synergy of artificial intelligence and digital pathology, the possibility of diagnosis based on image analysis, previously limited only to certain specialties. Therefore, the integration of digital images into the study of pathology, combined with advanced algorithms and computer-assisted diagnostic techniques, extends the boundaries of the pathologist's vision beyond the microscopic image and allows the specialist to use and integrate his knowledge and experience adequately. We conducted a search in PubMed on the topic of digital pathology and its applications, to quantify the current state of knowledge. We found that computer-aided image analysis has a superior potential to identify, extract and quantify features in more detail compared to the human pathologist's evaluating possibilities; it performs tasks that exceed its manual capacity, and can produce new diagnostic algorithms and prediction models applicable in translational research that are able to identify new characteristics of diseases based on changes at the cellular and molecular level.

Advancing Cancer Research: Current Knowledge on Cutaneous Neoplasia.

Skin cancers require a multidisciplinary approach. The updated guidelines introduce new insights into the management of these diseases. Melanoma (MM), the third most common skin cancer, a malignant melanocytic tumor, which is classified into four major histological subtypes, continues to have the potential to be a lethal disease. The mortality-incidence ratio is higher in Eastern European countries compared to Western European countries, which shows the need for better prevention and early detection in Eastern European countries. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) remain the top two skin cancers, and their incidence continues to grow. The gold standard in establishing the diagnosis and establishing the histopathological subtype in BCC and SCC is a skin biopsy. Sebaceous carcinoma (SeC) is an uncommon and potentially aggressive cutaneous malignancy showing sebaceous differentiation. It accounts for 0.7% of skin cancers and 3-6.7% of cancer-related deaths. Due to the rapid extension to the regional lymph nodes, SeC requires early treatment. The main treatment for sebaceous carcinoma is surgical treatment, including Mohs micrographic surgery, which has the advantage of complete margin evaluation and low recurrence rates. Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCLs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative diseases, with no evidence of extracutaneous determination at the moment of the diagnosis. PCLs have usually a very different evolution, prognosis, and treatment compared to the lymphomas that may secondarily involve the skin. The aim of our review is to summarize the important changes in the approach to treating melanoma, non-melanoma skin, cutaneous T and B cell lymphomas, and other types of skin cancers. For all skin cancers, optimal patient management requires a multidisciplinary approach including dermatology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology.

Electrospun/3D-Printed Bicomponent Scaffold Co-Loaded with a Prodrug and a Drug with Antibacterial and Immunomodulatory Properties.

This work reports the construction of a bicomponent scaffold co-loaded with both a prodrug and a drug (BiFp@Ht) as an efficient platform for wound dressing, by combining the electrospinning and 3D-printing technologies. The outer component consisted of a chitosan/polyethylene oxide-electrospun membrane loaded with the indomethacin-polyethylene glycol-indomethacin prodrug (Fp) and served as a support for printing the inner component, a gelatin methacryloyl/sodium alginate hydrogel loaded with tetracycline hydrochloride (Ht). The different architectural characteristics of the electrospun and 3D-printed layers were very well highlighted in a morphological analysis performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In vitro release profile studies demonstrated that both Fp and Ht layers were capable to release the loaded therapeutics in a controlled and sustained manner. According to a quantitative in vitro biological assessment, the bicomponent BiFp@Ht scaffold showed a good biocompatibility and no cytotoxic effect on HeLa cell cultures, while the highest proliferation level was noted in the case of HeLa cells seeded onto an Fp nanofibrous membrane. Furthermore, the BiFp@Ht scaffold presented an excellent antimicrobial activity against the E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains, along with promising anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic activities, proving its potential to be used for wound dressing.

Catching Cancer Early: The Importance of Dermato-Oncology Screening.

The European Society for Medical Oncology experts have identified the main components of the long-term management of oncological patients. These include early diagnosis through population screening and periodic control of already diagnosed patients to identify relapses, recurrences, and other associated neoplasms. There are no generally accepted international guidelines for the long-term monitoring of patients with skin neoplasms (nonmelanoma skin cancer, malignant melanoma, precancerous-high-risk skin lesions). Still, depending on the experience of the attending physician and based on the data from the literature, one can establish monitoring intervals to supervise these high-risk population groups, educate the patient and monitor the general population.

Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Coronary Ischemia: A Challenging Vicious Circle.

Atrial fibrillation, the most frequent arrhythmia in clinical practice and chronic coronary syndrome, is one of the forms of coronary ischemia to have a strong dual relationship. Atrial fibrillation may accelerate atherosclerosis and may increase oxygen consumption in the myocardium, creating a mismatch between supply and demand, thus promoting the development or worsening of coronary ischemia. Chronic coronary syndrome alters the structure and function of gap junction proteins, affecting the conduction of action potential and leading to ischemic necrosis of cardiomyocytes and their replacement with fibrous tissue, in this way sustaining the focal ectopic activity in atrial myocardium. They have many risk factors in common, such as hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. It is vital for the prognosis of patients to break this vicious circle by controlling risk factors, drug therapies, of which antithrombotic therapy may sometimes be challenging in terms of prothrombotic and bleeding risk, and interventional therapies (revascularization and catheter ablation).

Breast Sarcomas-How Different Are They from Breast Carcinomas? Clinical, Pathological, Imaging and Treatment Insights.

Breast sarcoma (BS) is a very rare and poorly studied condition. This has led to a lack of studies with a high level of evidence and to low efficacy of current clinical management protocols. Here we present our experience in treating this disease in the form of a retrospective case series study including discussion of clinical, imaging, and pathological features and treatment. We also compare the main clinical and biological features of six cases of BS (phyllodes tumors were excluded) with a cohort of 184 patients with unilateral breast carcinoma (BC) from a previous study performed at our institution. Patients with BS were diagnosed at a younger age, presented no evidence of lymph node invasion or distant metastases, had no multiple or bilateral lesions, and underwent a shorter length of hospital stay versus the breast carcinoma group. Where recommended, adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of an anthracycline-containing regimen, and adjuvant external radiotherapy was delivered in doses of 50 Gy. The comparison data obtained from our BS cases and the ones with BC revealed differences in diagnosis and treatment. A correct pathological diagnosis of breast sarcoma is essential for the right therapeutic approach. We still have more to learn about this entity, but our case series could add value to existing knowledge in a meta-analysis study.

The Overlap of Kidney Failure in Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis in Children-Case Report and Review of Literature.

Sarcoidosis is a non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammatory multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology. In children, as in adults, it can involve a few or all organ systems to a varying extent and degree, entailing multisystemic manifestations. Kidney involvement in pediatric-onset adult-type sarcoidosis is rare, with a wide range of renal manifestations, most of them related to calcium metabolism. Children with renal sarcoidosis tend to be more symptomatic than adults, although male patients have a higher prevalence. We present the case of a 10-year-old boy who presented with advanced renal failure with nephrocalcinosis and important hepatosplenomegaly. The diagnosis was established by histopathological examination, with consequent cortisone therapy and hemodialysis. This review emphasizes that sarcoidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pediatric patients with acute kidney insufficiency or chronic kidney disease of an unknown etiology. As far as we know, this is the first study regarding extrapulmonary sarcoidosis in children from Romania.

Nosocomial Infections Affecting Newborns with Abdominal Wall Defects.

Abdominal wall defects are serious birth defects, with long periods of hospitalization and significant costs to the medical system. Nosocomial infection (NI) may be an additional risk factor that aggravates the evolution of newborns with such malformations. METHODS: in order to analyze the factors that may lead to the occurrence of NI, we performed a retrospective study over a period of thirty-two years (1990-2021), in a tertiary children's hospital; 302 neonates with omphalocele and gastroschisis were eligible for the study. RESULTS: a total of 33.7 % patients were infected with one or more of species of bacteria or fungi. These species were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. or Candida spp., but the rate of NI showed a significant decrease between the 1990-2010 and 2011-2021 period (p = 0.04). The increase in the number of surgeries was associated with the increase in the number of NI both for omphalocele and gastroschisis; in the case of gastroschisis, the age of over 6 h at the time of surgery increased the risk of infection (p = 0.052, marginal statistical significance). Additionally, for gastroschisis, the risk of NI was 4.56 times higher in the presence of anemia (p < 0.01) and 2.17 times higher for the patients developing acute renal failure (p = 0.02), and a hospitalization period longer than 14 days was found to increase the risk of NI 3.46-fold (p < 0.01); more than 4 days of TPN was found to increase the NI risk 2.37-fold (p = 0.015). Using a logistic regression model for patients with omphalocele, we found an increased risk of NI for those in blood group 0 (OR = 3.8, p = 0.02), in patients with a length of hospitalization (LH) of ≥14 days (OR = 6.7, p < 0.01) and in the presence of anemia (OR = 2.5, p = 0.04); all three independent variables in our model contributed 38.7% to the risk of NI. CONCLUSION: although in the past 32 years we have seen transformational improvements in the outcome of abdominal wall defects, there are still many factors that require special attention for corrections.

Can Bioactive Food Substances Contribute to Cystic Fibrosis-Related Cardiovascular Disease Prevention?

Advances in cystic fibrosis (CF) care have significantly improved the quality of life and life expectancy of patients. Nutritional therapy based on a high-calorie, high-fat diet, antibiotics, as well as new therapies focused on CFTR modulators change the natural course of the disease. They do so by improving pulmonary function and growing BMI. However, the increased weight of such patients can lead to unwanted long-term cardiovascular effects. People with CF (pwCF) experience several cardiovascular risk factors. Such factors include a high-fat diet and increased dietary intake, altered lipid metabolism, a decrease in the level of fat-soluble antioxidants, heightened systemic inflammation, therapeutic interventions, and diabetes mellitus. PwCF must pay special attention to food and eating habits in order to maintain a nutritional status that is as close as possible to the proper physiological one. They also have to benefit from appropriate nutritional counseling, which is essential in the evolution and prognosis of the disease. Growing evidence collected in the last years shows that many bioactive food components, such as phytochemicals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidants have favorable effects in the management of CF. An important positive effect is cardiovascular prevention. The possibility of preventing/reducing cardiovascular risk in CF patients enhances both quality of life and life expectancy in the long run.